Modeling and key parameters of an investment projects include the following:
• Defining quantitative and qualitative aspects throughout the project’s phases.
• Identifying relationships between prices, costs, and outcomes to increase profitability.
• Scrutinizing the effectiveness of the project and benchmarking results against similar initiatives and the broader context within the sector or host country.
Before commencing the actual assessment and Key parameters of an investment projects, it is necessary to gather all essential information, adopt specific assumptions, and describe detailed parameters expressed in economic values.
Key parameters of an investment projects serve as the foundational criteria for either endorsing or rejecting the evaluated project.
The breadth of information required for project preparation and evaluation spans diverse disciplines, prompting the need for specialized teams.
The list of project parameters that should be planned first includes the scale of investment, capital costs, operating costs, revenue plans, working capital requirements, etc. A special place in this regard is occupied by the choice of sources of project financing, a combination of which must be selected and configured so in a manner that best aligns with the strategic goals of the participants.
CP Finance UK Finance brings together a team of experienced specialists in the field of project financing, financial engineering and legal support for international business projects. We are ready to provide our clients with comprehensive professional support, from calculations, modeling, planning and legal advice to raising long-term capital in accordance with the customer’s needs.
The key to a properly conducted planning of the effectiveness of investment projects lies primarily in understanding the mechanisms behind economic outcomes.
Investment is a process with cause-and-effect relationships. Only by understanding parameters and their effects project team can build a model for economic outcome analysis. Given that the process of preparing and evaluating an investment project is complex and time-consuming, it is highly recommended to employ specific solutions that facilitate analyses based on data used in the project assessment.
One of the techniques applied involves organizing available information and grouping it into sets related to selected issues linked to each investment project (time, total costs, sales, and financing sources). The classical approach to the basic project parameters can be limited to time, cost, scope, and project quality. Sets of such information are then used to construct more precise investment programs, allowing for the streamlining of data collection processes or obtaining results that form the basis for investment decisions.
It is advisable to develop fundamental project elements, such as:
• Initial investment assumptions.
• Forecasting sales revenue.
• Planning investments in fixed assets.
• Planning operational costs.
• Net working capital demand plan.
• Financing sources program for investment outlays.
• Cash flow statement, profit and loss account, and balance sheet.
The preparation of plans is carried out separately for each period of the project’s operation (associated with the fiscal year), requiring meticulous precision from the project preparation team. It is essential to note that all mentioned elements should be developed with great care to serve as a reliable and robust source of data, enabling an assessment of the profitability of the project.
It is imperative that data sources ensure the credibility, timeliness, completeness, and relevance of the data used in the parameterization of the investment project. The process of collecting data necessary for the preparation and evaluation of the project should adhere to procedures already in place during the pre-investment phase of the investment process. This approach is crucial to mitigate the risk of capital misallocation resulting from a superficial handling of such data.
In deciding to initiate business activities within the pre-investment phase of the project, it is crucial to first establish the fundamental guidelines for the project, often referred to as initial investment assumptions.
This involves determining the basis on which computational processes will be easily conducted within the developed plans and models necessary for evaluating the profitability of the investment project, commonly specified as either constant or current prices.
The role of inflation in project planning
Economic and financial analyses are generally carried out in constant prices, which do not account for inflation occurring in the sector.
This is because inflation significantly impacts the changing value of money over time, distorting the course of economic processes when expressed numerically. Therefore, the reported increase in profit or sales by the business project in the current prices compared to the previous year may not necessarily indicate real growth.
An understanding of the profitability of an investment project is only achieved by supplementing the above data with the scale at which inflation occurred. Assessing the profitability of investment projects in constant prices is typically driven by the substantial challenges in predicting future inflation levels. Overestimating or underestimating estimated inflation by just one percentage point can result in a 5% error on an annual scale, significantly impacting the forecasts of the project over a 10-year planning horizon. Another factor that increases the risk of error in forecasting in current prices is the varying pace of price growth for different groups of goods and services.
The inflation complicates determining the change in input prices relative to the outcomes achieved. As a result, estimating the real magnitude of project-generated outcomes based on the incurred costs becomes flawed.
The use of constant prices eliminates the aforementioned risks since, by design, these prices are free from such complications and provide more transparent results.
It is also important to adjust the realistically obtained results during project implementation for specific price growth indicators for certain groups of goods and services and compare the values obtained in this way with the postulated values. This allows project team for drawing conclusions regarding the actual profitability of the intended investment. Regardless of the chosen pricing formula, consistency is crucial in forecasting and discounting cash flows.
The next element in planning and setting parameters of the project is primarily concerning expenses incurred on fixed assets necessary for the commencement of production and normal operation of the project. Investment costs encompass all kinds of expenses that need to be considered before starting the production of a specific product or service.
Generally, three groups are distinguished in the structure of investment costs:
• Investments in fixed assets.
• Pre-production capital costs.
• Working capital costs.
Financial literature clearly defines “investment costs”, indicating that they are expenses generating cash flows over a period longer than a year.
Two fundamental types of these investment costs can be distinguished based on the timing of their incurrence:
1. Initial costs on fixed assets (for example, buildings and equipment).
2. Ongoing costs on fixed assets of a replacement and supplementary nature.
Initial investment costs on fixed assets are defined as expenses incurred during the construction phase of the investment, i.e., carried out before the commencement of production and sales.
These costs are often associated with pre-production costs, such as raising capital or conducting analyses before starting the investment, as well as expenses for:
• Land purchase, preparation, and project development.
• Construction or purchase of buildings and solid structures.
• Acquisition of machinery, vehicles, and other fixed assets.
• Intangible and legal assets.
Ongoing investment costs are expenses that increase the company’s fixed assets and are incurred during the operational phase of the investment project to ensure its proper functioning. They relate to the same elements of assets mentioned in initial costs, with the exception of pre-production expenses. These can only be incurred during the construction phase of the project.
When incurring investment costs to create fixed assets, it is also essential to consider information on the depreciation level of various components, determine the applicable depreciation rates (excluding land), and establish the liquidation value. The liquidation value is the value of the portion of assets that can be recovered in the event of discontinuation of production activity. It is worth noting that this information will affect the amount of operating costs incurred in connection with the operation of the investment project.
An estimation of the total production costs associated with the investment becomes crucial for proper Key parameters of an investment projects
It is critically important to calculate production costs in the investment project as annual costs and, simultaneously, as costs per unit.
According to the methodology by UNIDO for the preparation and evaluation of key parameters of an investment projects, the plan of production costs should include all costs related to the specific project, incurred in each year of operation, as well as marketing costs if they have not been previously accounted for.
Generally, operational costs of industrial facility consist of four basic categories:
• Manufacturing costs (materials, production supplies, labor costs, workshops maintenance).
• General administrative costs (salaries, taxes, rents, insurance and office maintenance costs).
• Depreciation (for example, constituting an investment costs).
• Financial costs (including interest).
The sum of manufacturing costs and general administrative costs forms operational costs, which are directly related to the conducted production and sales activities. Incurred operational costs and their structure depend on factors such as the location of the enterprise, natural conditions of host country, type of activity, technology used in production, equipment, degree of utilization of production capacity, organization of the production process, prices of raw materials, materials, and energy, labor costs, and the scale of the facility.
This structure enables precise monitoring and management of costs in various areas, facilitating the identification of areas where optimizations can be implemented and allowing efficient management of financial resources for the investment project.
When determining the level of operating costs for full production capacity, it is essential to distinguish between variable and fixed components of these costs. Dividing costs into “variable” and “fixed” allows identifying the relationship between variable costs and the degree of utilization of the production capacity of the investment project. Variable costs include raw materials, direct labor costs, plant services and supplies. Fixed costs, primarily encompassing general production costs and long-term service costs, remain relatively constant regardless of the production level, although they may change in the case of long-term analysis.
When calculating the amount of production and marketing costs incurred in the investment project, it is necessary to classify them into direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are defined as costs that can be attributed to a production unit or service due to their direct connection. In contrast, indirect costs are considered expenses related to the production process but do not have a direct impact on the manufactured products or services.
This is because they cannot be directly assigned to products but only based on allocation keys.
The availability of funds for the implementation of an investment project is a fundamental condition not only for making investment decisions but also for formulating the project itself or initiating pre-investment research and analysis.
Initially, it is crucial to determine the method of financing the expenditures in the fixed assets, and this should at least partially occur during the construction phase of the plan. The final selection of financing sources for investment expenditures should be prepared only after building the program for total investment costs and for working capital.
The financing of investment costs can involve the following sources:
1. Equity capital.
2. Debt capital.
3. Project’s funds.
Based on the source of origin, we distinguish between internal and external capital. Internal financing does not involve third parties and is based on the redistribution of net profit from the sale of products and services, depreciation, and asset sales. External financing relies on funds obtained from the environment and may result from the involvement of both equity and debt capital.
Equity capital consists of owner and partner contributions, as well as shareholder contributions or stock issuances.
This capital comes from additional issuances of own shares, grants, contributions, or subsidies. It forms a stable basis for financing the project, determining its financial liquidity, as it is provided for an indefinite period and does not have the nature of immediate demandability.
The capital requirements of investment projects often exceed the capabilities of the owners, forcing them to seek external sources of financing. Debt capital is mainly obtained from national or foreign commercial banks (investment loans, working capital loans) and financial institutions, constituting liabilities to these entities. It can also come from other sources of financing, such as credit or loans granted by third parties, leasing, bond or stock issuances.
Debt capital, along with the interest, is most often subject to repayment according to the terms and conditions specified in the loan agreement or other document governing the rules for its provision by the creditor.
In the case of loans, banks require collateral (bank guarantees, asset pledges), but they also allow for the replacement of repaid obligations with new loans.
It is important to remember that the use of external sources of funds, especially the conditions for obtaining them (amount, repayment terms, cost of servicing), can significantly impact the financial results achieved by the investment project. Therefore, before deciding on financing the investment project with debt capital, it is advisable to determine the possible sources, calculate the estimated amount of interest, and research the legal form of the credit security required by the bank (promissory note, government guarantee, endorsement, mortgage).
It is also worth noting that skillful use of external sources of project financing, while maintaining the proper capital structure, often results in increased profitability of equity, a phenomenon known as the financial leverage effect. The positive effect of the impact of debt capital on the amount of net profit generated is achieved on the assumption that the costs of obtaining debt in the form of interest paid will be lower than the profitability of total capital calculated as the ratio of earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) to total capital.
In other words, if the difference between the profitability of equity and total assets turns out to be positive, we talk about a positive financial leverage effect due to the project achieving additional benefits with less equity involvement.
In the case of a negative difference, the problem of project’s insolvency arises because the costs of interest are higher than the profitability of the assets.
Another important source of financing that occurs only in the operational phase of large investment projects is the so-called own funds, i.e., cash flows generated during the entire project’s lifecycle. These include profits not subject to distribution, depreciation, and accumulated earmarked reserves.
Therefore, in addition to finding capital, the choice of financing the implemented investment project itself is another critical element determining its business success.
The appropriate capital structure, setting optimal parameters of an investment project are particularly important issue, influenced by factors such as specific phase, organizational-legal form, economic conditions, or market environment. Financing is setting the key parameters of an investment projects and not only the accumulation of resources but also the management of these funds to maintain the balance and liquidity of the project.
Therefore, development and planning of financing sources should be preceded by thorough and comprehensive analyses that guarantee that the capital solutions adopted by investors will finance all investment costs and allow for the smooth implementation of the project.
CP Finance UK Finance is ready to provide you with comprehensive support when planning large investment projects, developing financial models, attracting long-term capital or bridge financing, project management, etc.
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